Hot springs in South Dakota
Black Hills creeks and lakes — Sylvan, Pactola, Spearfish Canyon — plus the warm mineral springs at Hot Springs.
Black Hills water is cold and clear; Evans Plunge spring water holds about 87°F.
Spearfish Canyon and the Black Hills creeks run cold year round, and summer thunderstorms cause fast rises in the narrow canyons.
Check the temperature before any part of you goes in
Undeveloped source pools can exceed 140°F, which scalds in seconds. Never step into an unfamiliar pool to test it. Reach in with a hand, downstream of the vent, and work your way toward the source only as long as it stays comfortable.
A comfortable soak is roughly 98-104°F. Above about 104°F, limit yourself to short sessions and get out at the first sign of dizziness or a pounding pulse. Developed commercial springs post their pool temperatures; wild springs do not.
At river-edge springs the temperature is a blend of hot source water and cold river water, so it changes hour to hour with flow. A pool that was perfect last month can be scalding in a drought or washed out entirely in high water.
Keep your head above water
This is the one rule that matters most and the one people ignore. Naegleria fowleri is a free-living ameba found in warm freshwater including hot springs. Infection is very rare — fewer than ten US cases a year — but more than 97% of people who get it die.
It infects through the nose, not by swallowing. The CDC advice is explicit: keep your head above water in hot springs, and hold your nose or wear a nose clip if you jump into any warm, still freshwater. Do not put your face under, and do not dunk children.
Avoid stirring up the sediment at the bottom of a shallow pool, where the ameba concentrates.
Heat, altitude, and alcohol
Hot water raises your core temperature and dilates blood vessels, which drops blood pressure. Combined with alcohol, dehydration, or altitude — and most western hot springs are at elevation — that causes fainting, and fainting in a pool is how people drown in water that is only knee-deep.
Drink water, not beer. Get out every fifteen or twenty minutes to cool down. If you are pregnant, or have a heart condition or low blood pressure, talk to a doctor before soaking; prolonged immersion above 102°F is generally advised against in pregnancy.
Many of the best wild springs sit at the bottom of a steep trail. The climb out in desert heat after a long soak causes more rescues than the water does.
Etiquette at wild springs
No soap, shampoo, or detergent, ever — even biodegradable. It kills the microbial mats that keep a spring clear and it ruins the pool for whoever arrives next.
Pack out everything, including bottle caps and food scraps. Do not build or rearrange rock dams unless the site is managed that way; changing the flow changes the temperature for everyone.
Clothing norms vary and are usually local custom rather than law. If a pool is occupied, ask before joining, and keep groups and noise small — people come to these places for quiet.
Dogs should stay out of the pools. Hot water is dangerous for them and their fur fouls the water.
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